There are many variations in climate from country to country, area to area, from state to state and even within state, and hence it is not possible at all to be categorical about planting time. In very cold parts of the country, spring planting will be better, and in warm parts, late fall into winter is good. In India also the time of planting roses varies with the regions. In mild tropical climate, with proper care, it is possible to transplant at the any time of the year. In parts of Maharashtra and Karnataka planting can be undertaken during late May and June, as well as September to December.
In temperate zones, planting is advised in open fields, at any time before October and April. Autumn and spring planting was, however, advocated. In plains of eastern India rose can be planted from October to February, while a rose gardener stated that September to December suitable for planting in West Bengal, Bihar and Orissa. In almost all part of South India, October to December planting is a suitable planting time. In most part of the Northern Indian plains, the ideal time of planting is the middle of October, but can be extended upto February.
Plant density is one of the important factors determining the ultimate flower quality and yield, and depends upon the cultivar and also on the soil and environment conditions. Some roses make spreading bushy growth, while other grows tall and upright, they are to be spaced on their growth habit. Certain roses make luxuriant wood and foliage, other appears sparse and of gaunt appearance which may be plant closer together.
Wider spacing is also given to the cultivars which are often affected by mildew; this will encourage more free circulation of air around the bushes. As a general rule Hybrid Teas and Polyanthas may be planted 75 cm apart, allowing an additional 15 cm apart for most vigorous Hybrid Tea, Floribunda and Grandiflora roses; while exhibition rose may be planted 105 cm apart.
Vigorous growing cultivar should be allowed 120 cm or even 180 cm of space and the Standard be allowed similar spacing. However roses of average growth should be planted about 90 cm apart. Less vigorous types and Floribundas, used for mass effects, can go 75 cm apart. Climbers and pillar rose should be placed 15 to 20 cm out from the supports on which they are to grow.
A rose grower stated that ideal distance for planting roses varies with the type, but a general rule would be to allow 60cm x 60cm for each bush. It is better to plant two rows rather than one, and better still, to plant three rows wide, as an impression of denSity and colour mass is more readily given.
Someone else suggested a spacing of 60cm x 60cm for Hybrid Teas, Floribundas and Polyanthas; for a very vigorous plants 100 cm apart, and for Miniature planting distance may be 45 cm x 45 cm .Current trend is to ensure that when the plant have grown fully, the ground should be covered with canopy of the foliage. Closer spacing of 20 cm x 30 cm, decreased the number of flowers per plant, but it increased on a per hectare basis being nearly double at highest density compared with lowest density. A close spacing of 60 cm x 30 cm produced hundred per cent more flowers per unit area than that of 60 cm x 60 em spacing in "Super Star" roses.
Witth high density planting treatments flower quality deteriorated. Plant height was more in closer spacing, while the plant spread and number of shoot successively increased with wider spacing. Maximum production of flower per unit area was however, obtained with closer spacing. Longevity of intact flowers and cut flowers were longer with the treatments, where the plants were spaced at wider distances.
It was recommended that a spacing of 30 em x 40 cm with population of 66,670 plants/ha was very effective for obtaining maximum yield of flowers (3.322 million flowers/ha ) without affecting the quality of blooms. After planting 3 such rows a gap of 75 cm is provided, followed again 3 close rows. By this method about 61,750 plants can be planted per hectare.
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1. Roses like intense light and moderate weather conditions
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