Generally Quonset type of green houses are constructed. The standard size is 30 m x 40 m with a height of 4 m in the centre and 2.27 m on the side. The roof is made in semi-round shape for easy drainage of rain water. Galvanised iron tubes or square steel tubes are used for the main frame. The covering material most commonly used is UV stabilised polyethelene. The durability of this covering material is however, only two years with light transmission capacity 90 per cent and heat transmission 70 per cent.
While other covering material like polycarbonate or double strength glass have light transmission, capacity 90 per cent, heat transmission 5 per cent, durability of which is 50 years and maintenance cost is low. Fibre glass or tedlar coated fibre glass can also be used with relative advantage over UV stabilised polyethylene. Green houses are fitted with fan and pad, exhaust fan, vent opening, fogging, etc.
Best covering materials are those which are resistant to ultraviolet and infra-red radiation, wind, discoloration and cracking, with the capacity of maximum transmission of light, low transmission of heat; reduced condensation build up for improved sunlight transmission and high durability which resists tears, punctures and photo-degradation. The enclosed structure of green houses generally retain heat load, and the temperature rises inside.
To reduce the temperature, enough vertilation is to be provided and maximum air movement is to be created inside the green house. For maintaining temperature, other methods of cooling adopted are top ventilation through ridge vent, fan and pad system and fogging.
The green house should provide good light throughout the year, and a temperature range between 15 to 28°C. The night temperature should be between 15 to 18°C, and the day temperature should not exceed 30°C in any case. The growth is slowed down with the fall of temperature below 15°C. If the temperature rises above 28°C, humidity must be kept high. Higher night temperature above 15°C hastens flower development, while lower temperature around 13.5°C delays it.
With higher growing temperature above 28°C, quality of flower is adversely affected. During winter months, supplementary lighting is beneficial to improve the quality of ·cut flowers. Vegetative growth, yield and quality of flowers can also be improved with the introduction of supplementary carbon dioxide upto 1000 ppm.
Beneficial responses of CO2 enrichment, however, depends on proper temperature and light management. Excessive variation of temperature and humidity can cause a high incidence of either powdery mildew in the heat or downy mildew in the cold and wet periods.
Rose plants absorb most of the solar radiation entering the greenhouse. In wellirrigated vigorously growing crop, high transpiration rates during morning and mid-day hours dissipate a large proportion of the absorbed radiation as latent heat. The remaining radiation heats the crop and air. During afternoon, with a similar load of absorbed radiation and higher outside air temperature and wind velocity, the crop transpires less than during the morning, yet it still cools incoming air.
Analysis of decoupling coefficients shows that greenhouse plants are more decoupled from ambient climate during morning and noon periods than during afternoons. In decoupled systems, transpiration depends mainly on radiation; canopy resistance and ambient humidity have only a secondary effect. During afternoons, higher wind velocity and lower transpiration rates increase the coupling of the crop to ambient air, resulting in the observed cooling.
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