To maintain the plant height and to encourage the strong basal shoot development, pruning is essential. During routine harvesting of cut flowers, the plants are automatically pruned. While harvesting the rose cut flower, there should be at lest 1 to 2 mature leaves with five leaflets left on the plant. This will encourage the new shoots to develop from dormant buds on the remaining stem. Hence, the crop gradually increases in height by this type of routine harvest.
While pruning, the height of the plant is reduced by giving a cut just below the joint of the current stem and older stem allows a dormant bud on the old stem to bear the next flowering stem. To get the strong basal shoots, weak shoots are to be removed. It is important to maintain a balance between leaf cover and crop growth. If the overall plant growth is weak, with poor leaf cover, weak shoots be retained and grown to pea size bud stage and pinched. This shoot may be used purely as a leaf cover and source of energy.
To build up the plant vigour for the next season during. May to September in India, no flower is-taken. Moreover, during this period there is poor market return. Plants are extremely stressed under conditions of high temperature and excessive humidity in these months. The growers stop the application of water and fertilizers after the harvest of last flower. During dry period, lasting for one to two months, most the leaves fall.
The plants are the pruned and application of water and fertilisers are resumed. It has been reported that such treatments give few bottom breaks and encourage weak stems. In order to avoid this situation, many growers allow their plants to grow with moderate watering and fertiliser application. The plants are given rest by routinely removing the flower buds at pea stage and pinching out all the subsequent small apical side shoots. Before the next season the plants are pruned by cutting back the shoots to the second main break. The pruning is done gradually by removing maximum of one-third shoots at a time from one plants to avoid shock to the roots and the resulting die-back. Such treatments give good bottom breaks and stronger stems.
For application of accurate dose of fertilisers, frequent analysis of soil samples is essential. For intensive and economical rose crop production both water and fertilisers are applied to growing crops through drip irrigation system which is known as "fertigation." The fertilization provides nitrogen, phosphorus, potash, calcium, magnesium, sulphur, iron, manganese, zinc, boron, copper and molybdenum directly to the active root zone, thus minimising the losses of expensive nutrients, which ultimately helps in productivity and quality of rose flowers.
The rose cultivars 'First Red', "Escada" and "Mercedes" were grown in rock wool with 0.5, 4.0 or 7.0 mm Ca in the nutrient solution. It has been observed that under Cadeficient conditions, susceptibility of Botnjtis cinerea increased, necrosis and abscission of the old leaves occurred, and petal necrosis was slightly higher. Four rose cultivars "Dallas", Royal Velvet, "Samantra" and "Vega" were grown from May to December in sand culture. The plants were irrigated with the same nutrient solution using a recirculation system. "Samanta" and "Vega" exhibited a lower concentration of total N and higher concentration of P in sap than "Royal Velvet" and "Dallas".
Rose growers studied the nutrient emission from a cut rose closed system by high-flux irrigation and low nutrient concentrations. They observed that oxygen deficiency did not occur in the growing media at the relatively high irrigation rates. They also confirmed that NaCl concentrations of 10 mM can be tolerated by cut rose provided nutritional elements are not below certain limiting concentrations.
Others investigated the recycling of nutrient solutions for Rosa hybrida in soilless culture. Recycling systems based on electrical conductivity (EC) were tested and compared to systems without recycling. It has been recorded by them that flower yield, quality of vase life of R. hybrida were not affected by recycling. Management of recycling using EC measurement proved to be reliable. There are good relationships between EC and ions concentrations for supplied solutions and leachate solutions recycled and not recycled.
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1. Roses like intense light and moderate weather conditions
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