Pruning time is mainly governed by the climate of the place. In England generally pruning is carried out in spring, since the bud damages due to cold winds and frost will be considerably less than if the plants were cut back during autumn and winter. In Israel, autumn pruning was found better for maximum flower yield. However, the best time for pruning is when the rose plants are dormant; while it wasobserved that pruning is best done when the roses are about to breakout of their dormancy. Reduction in flower production and delay in flowering with late pruning is noticed by many researchers.
In most part of India, pruning is done during October. In hills, pruning is done after the dormant winter season, while in Bangalore pruning is done twice a year in June and November. In Rosa damascena 15th January pruning induce early flowering and the yield was better as compared to other pruning dates like 15th October, 15th, November and 15th December. Best time for pruning H.T. and Floribunda roses in Uttar Pradesh is in the middle of October.
From a two year trial on the effect of different dates of pruning beginning from 15th September to 15th December in Rosa cv. "Super Star" under Delhi condition, it wasconcluded that better vegetative growth and quality of flowers were obtained with the plant pruned during 6th October to l7th November. Highest number of flowers with 6th October pruning, but the largest number of flower stems of 60cm and above were resulted with 27th October pruning.
Since roses are pruned each year, and there are many types and varieties; some respond to light pruning, some to moderate pruning. Hard or light pruning is decided upon by the professional rose growers, and the individual variety will require to be pruned according to it vigour. Very hardy variety can withstand hard pruning, where stems are cut back to about 3 or 4 buds from the base, which leaves about 15cm strong stems of three or four shoots of previous year.
With hard pruning number of blooms per plant reduced, but flower size and quality improves. Depending upon the varieties severe or low or hard pruning increase stem length, impart faster rate of bud burst, induce nonparasitic leaf fall and die back disease. The hard pruning to the second bud from the base helps in concentrating its total energies on the production of vigorous basal shoots with exhibition bloom, restricts quantity of bloom and delays flowering.
Light pruning is practiced in temperate climates in many parts of the world, where healthy shoots are left after thinning of diseased and unwanted parts; moreover, pruning is an all-the-year round process in temperate climates, the more continuous the blooming of a plant, the more continuous is the pruning. In light pruning, the cut is given either at the second or third eye bud immediately below the flower breaking foot stalk.
Stems are pruned to two thirds of its length, for light pruning, which means just tipping back the stems only little, after removing all dead or unwanted stems. This kind of light pruned rose plants require short time for the following shoots to flower and results greater number of flowers. In such kind of the pruning, quality of the bloom will often be inferior, while the plants will tend to bear most of their bloom in the early part of the season with little or no bloom in autumn. For the production of good quality of rose flowers, the National Rose Society of Great Britain recommended light pruning.
Moderate or medium pruning is done by cutting back the ripe and lateral shoots of the previous year's growth at an outward growing eye, at about half the length of growth. In most parts of India, moderate pruning method may be followed, light pruning or "tipping" is not ideal. Moderate pruning maintain the shape of the plant, in which the main stem is cut back to 20cm from the base while removing all weakly growth; and such kind of pruning induce reasonably early blooming; and with well feeding and disbudding good quantity exhibition bloom can be obtained right through summer and autumn.
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