Medical

The superficial veins and the great saphenous vein (02/18/2011)
(...) Fascial sheaths also enclose the anterior accessory saphenous vein in the thigh and the small saphenous vein in the calf. The GSV lies posteriorly at knee level and then passes up the thigh and through the foramen ovale and the femoral triangle to join the common femoral vein. It crosses the superficial external pudendal artery at the lower border of the foramen ovale. (...)

Nasal reconstruction surgery: Anatomic and aesthetic considerations (02/14/2011)
(...) The caudal edge of the nasal bones overrides and attaches to the upper lateral cartilages, suspending them above the nasal cavity. The interior nasal valve is the opening between your caudal end of the upper lateral cartilage and also the nasal septum. The external nasal valve is the region caudal to this, comprising the nasal alae laterally and the septum and columella medially. (...)

Lip reconstruction surgery: Restoration of oral competence and contour (02/14/2011)
(...) The philtral columns extend downward to meet the vermilion-cutaneous junction (also known as the ‘white roll') of the upper lip. Cupid's bow may be the portion of the vermilion-cutaneous junction located in the lower philtrum. The tubercle is the fleshy middle the main upper lip from which the vermilion extends bilaterally to satisfy the commissures. (...)

Upper and lower lip reconstruction surgery techniques (02/14/2011)
(...) Primary closure might be achieved for males by advancing adjacent lip and cheek tissue. Full-Thickness Defects For full-thickness defects, the choice of reconstructive option depends on the size the defect. Defects of one-quarter to one-third of the upper lip can be closed primarily. (...)

Lip reconstructive surgery using the Karapandzic flap (02/14/2011)
(...) Careful dissection is needed to identify and preserve the labial arteries and buccal nerve branches. The flaps are rotated medially to shut the defect, and a stay suture is positioned after meticulous reapproximation from the vermilion border. The defect is closed in three-layers approximating mucosa, muscle and skin. (...)

Techniques for bone reconstruction in mandibular surgery (02/14/2011)
(...) In addition, rigid internal fixation eliminates the need for external or intermaxillary fixation (IMF), maintains the right dental relationships, reduces operative some time and can provide effective condylar replacement. Nonvascularized Alloplastic Bone Grafts Allografts for mandible reconstruction are mainly made up of freeze-dried bone. Such bone grafts are just suitable for small defects from the mandible where the continuity from the mandible is intact. (...)

Reanimation from the paralyzed face: Causes of facial paralysis (02/14/2011)
(...) You should remember that the extracranial facial nerve is really a purely motor nerve; therefore extracranial paralysis shouldn't involve decreased lacrimation (superficial petrosal nerve), changes in hearing (nerve to stapedius) or changes in taste (chorda tympani). Preoperative Planning It is important to evaluate the patient carefully, in order to look for the cause and extent of paralysis and the status of the muscles involved. A history is obtained, focusing on the onset and duration of weakness. (...)

Suspension procedures, muscle transposition and microneurovascular transplant (02/14/2011)
(...) The muscle could be split longitudinally creating several slips. These might be transposed to the lower and upper eyelids, the ala, the mesolabial fold, and the lower and upper lips. Overcorrection should be performed by sewing the slips under tension. (...)

Frontal sinus fracture: Clinical presentation and radiographic evaluation (02/14/2011)
(...) Radiographic evaluation, in particular computed tomography (CT), is clearly the most valuable diagnostic tool in frontal sinus fractures. CT clearly depicts fractures, the quantity of depression, and the nature from the items in the sinus cavity, adjacent brain and overlying soft tissue. Fine axial sections are helpful for evaluating anterior and posterior table fractures of the frontal sinus and intracranial injuries. (...)

Orbital fractures: Reconstructive surgical approach (02/14/2011)
(...) The tubercle is located 1 cm inferior and 3 mm posterior to the frontozygomatic suture. Lockwood's ligament is actually a hammock-like system that suspends the globe. It has contributions from muscular septae, Tenon's capsule and the lower eyelid retractors. (...)

Techniques used in orbital repair are influenced by the severity of the fracture (02/14/2011)
(...) In the "skin only" subcilliary approach, the orbicularis muscle is divided at the level of the infraorbital rim, along with the orbital periostium. This variation of the subciliary approach is prone to skin flap necrosis, hematoma, ecchymosis and ectropion. Therefore, the skin/muscle flap techniques are preferred. (...)

Individual life history curve and life extension (01/26/2011)
(...) This phase is characterized by a high degree of sensual activity, excellent health, intellectual and emotional growth, physical strength, and general vigor. Degeneration The third phase of life is "middle age," the period between approximately 40 and 60 years of age. This phase is characterized by a slow, but progressive, degenerative decline in physiological function. (...)

Comparison between biological and chronological aging (01/26/2011)
(...) Indeed, there are certain progeric diseases in which biological aging seems to progress at an accelerated rate. People afflicted with such diseases suffer a broad spectrum of the symptoms normally found in people twice their chronological age. Thus, one might say that the goal of life extension is, "increasing chronological aging by decreasing biological aging. (...)

Innate immune system cells and their functions (01/18/2011)
(...) Microorganisms engulfed by macrophages can be destroyed when they encounter a wide range of toxic intracellular molecules produced by macrophages. Some of these molecules include superoxide anion, hydroxyl radicals, hypochlorous acid, nitric oxide, plasma proteins and peptides, lysozyme, arachidonic acid metabolites, nucleotide metabolites, and cytokines. Numerous tissue-specific cells are of macrophage lineage and function to procedure and present antigen. (...)

Immune system functional components and antibody mediated immunity (01/18/2011)
(...) Immunoglobulin structure. Immunoglobulins are glycoproteins composed of 4 polypeptide chains (two light and two heavy chains), linked by disulfide bonds that permit the chains to form a bilaterally symmetric immunoglobulin molecule. The N terminus of each chain possesses a variable domain, which, via the use of the hypervariable complementarity-determining regions, binds antigen. (...)

Venom skin tests and how they are conducted (01/18/2011)
(...) 4% phenol. Following reconstitution, the full-strength venom extract is diluted in a serial fashion to achieve the concentrations required for skin testing. Of note, the manufacturer's instructions concerning the storage of the lyophilized supplies (don't freeze) and storage times before expiration ought to always be observed. (...)

Chemoprotective effects of anthocyanin found in berries (01/13/2011)
(...) The reported mechanisms for those cell culture systems could be categorized as directly scavenging ROS, increasing the oxygen absorbing capacity of cells, stimulating activation of phase II enzymes through antioxidant response element pathway, developing anthocyanin-DNA copigmentation complex possible against oxidative damage of DNA, reducing the formation of DNA adducts, and chelating metals and binding proteins. On the contrary, anthocyanidins produced ROS, showing pro-oxidant activities, as apoptosis inducers in HL-60 cells instead of the antioxidant activities of anthocyanidins in the inhibition of TPAinduced cell transformation in mouse skin JB6 cells. In later studies, anthocyanins were found to induce apoptosis through reactive oxygen species-mediated mitochondrial pathway. (...)

Anthocyanins induce apoptosis in several cancer cell types (01/13/2011)
(...) This induction of apoptosis appeared to be related to activation of caspases. Anti-inflammatory Effects Inflammatory cells are implicated in the tumor microenvironment and play a crucial role in tumor development and progression. The microenvironment of many human cancers is rich in cytokines, chemokines, and inflammatory enzymes. (...)

Daily intake of anthocyanins can protect against different cancers (01/13/2011)
(...) Another investigation from the same laboratory was conducted on colon caner chemoprevention of black raspberry. Fifty subjects with colorectal cancer andor polyps consumed LRBs daily for 2–4 weeks before the surgery. Biopsies of normal and tumor/polyp tissues are collected for biomarker analysis before and after berry treatment. (...)

Ursolic acid inhibits the proliferation of various tumor cell lines (01/13/2011)
(...) In B16F-10 melanoma cells, ursolic acid at non-cytotoxic concentrations resulted in apoptosis accompanied by upregulation of the tumor suppressor gene p53 and caspase-3 and down-regulation of anti-apoptotic gene Bcl-2. This decrease in NF-KB-mediated activation of Bcl-2 occurred with the inhibition of several transcription factors in the NF-KB pathway. A reduction was seen in the expression of pro-inflammatory cytokines IL-1B and IL-6, and TNF-alpha and GM-CSF. (...)

Effects of berries on the RTK pathways and their chemoprevention (01/13/2011)
(...) Among six contents, delphinidin is the most effective in inhibiting the differentiation of endothelial cells. Delphinidin can also potently inhibit VEGF-induced capillarylike structure formation and endothelial cell migration in vitro. Delphinidin inhibits VEGF-induced phosphorylation of VEGFR-2 and ERK1/2, a substrate of VEGFR-2, which may be involved in VEGF-induced endothelial cell migration and capillary-like structure formation. (...)

Differences in phenolic content and antioxidant activity of berries (01/13/2011)
(...) In both the achenes and thalamus of strawberries, total phenolic content, and total flavonoid content were correlated to DPPH activity. There is evidence that flavonoid biosynthesis is tightly associated with the developmental stage of fruits. In all berry fruits, anthocyanin content increases as the berries mature. (...)

Tobacco alcohol and dietary habits as esophageal cancer risk factors (01/13/2011)
(...) Their findings reported that a health conscious dietary pattern was inversely associated with BE and that a diet of fast food and meat may adversely impact BE. Another investigation of BE patients utilizing a case-control study design reported that dietary antioxidants, fruits, and vegetables were inversely associated with BE; however, the group found no modification of risk for BE with supplement intake. In contrast, a prospective study conducted by the Seattle Barrett’s Esophagus Program revealed that BE patients who took one or more multivitamins per day had a significantly decreased risk of EAC and tetrapoidy compared to patients not taking vitamins. (...)

Prevention of skin malignancies with daily berry intake (01/13/2011)
(...) The size of this layer varies throughout the body and from person to person. Exposure to sunlight has been linked with the development of basal cell carcinoma and squamous cell carcinoma, collectively known as non-melanoma skin cancers (NMSC). These skin tumors are by far the most common form of cancer in humans, with over 1 million new cases identified in the United States each year. (...)

Health benefits of pomegranates also include cancer prevention (01/13/2011)
(...) In humans, pomegranate juice consumption decreased low density lipoprotein (LDL) susceptibility to aggregation and retention. In mice, oxidation of LDL by peritoneal macrophages was reduced by up to 90% after pomegranate juice consumption. This effect was associated with reduced cellular lipid peroxidation and superoxide release. (...)

Prevention and treatment of colon cancer with pomegranates (01/13/2011)
(...) Rats received 20% pomegranate juice in drinking water and 3 weeks later received subcutaneous injections of AOM. Total glutathione-S-transferase (GST) activity in the liver of the rats fed pomegranate juice was significantly higher compared with the control, suggesting that pomegranate juice contributes to significant reductions in the formation of AOM-induced ACF. Some doctors examined the effects of pomegranate juice on inflammatory cell signaling proteins in HT-29 human colon cancer cell line based on the fact that inflammation plays a key role in the development of colon cancer. (...)

Explaining metabolic rate and glucose metabolism (10/18/2010)
(...) The BMR of an average sized man is about 2000 kcal/day. A normal BMR in an adult male is around 40 kcal/m2/h. The BMR falls during prolonged starvation due to loss of skeletal muscle bulk. (...)

How does glycolysis work and what is it actually (10/18/2010)
(...) The first reaction of glycolysis, catalysed by hexokinase, phosphorylates glucose to glucose 6-phosphate. In the third reaction of the pathway, phosphofructokinase catalyses the transfer of another phosphate group using ATP, to give the product fructose 1,6-bisphosphate. The phosphorylated intermediates are trapped in the cytosol as they cannot diffuse across the cell membrane. (...)

What is glycogen and what are disorders of glycogen storage (10/18/2010)
(...) Either glycogen is formed with abnormal structure or excessive amounts accumulate in specific tissues. Only a few of these inherited glycogen storage diseases are fatal, most of the conditions can be managed with special dietary regimes, or the avoidance of vigorous exercise. Glycogenolysis (or glycogen degradation) requires two stages: Shortening of glycogen chains catalysed by glycogen phosphorylase Removal of branches catalysed by the enzyme amylo-1,6-glucosidase. (...)

Stress Your Dogs Health and Cancer in Dogs (05/28/2010)
(...) In fact, many veterinarians have found that there is indeed a connection between stress and cancer in dogs. Why is there a connection between stress and cancer in dogs? Stress produces a chemical in the body called cortisol, and cortisol is very rough on the body of mammals. This stress hormone can cause all sorts of changes in the body, ranging from inflammation and aging to cancer. (...)